D-Day Success or disaster essays

Tesla Gigafactory

Questions: 1.What is the Aim of Tesla Gigafactory? 2.What is the Current SCM Structure of building lithium Ion Batteries? 3.How will Tesla Disrupt the Current Supply Chain Management of Lithium particle Batteries? 4.Do you figure Tesla will Succeed its order? Answers: Presentation: Tesla Motors with its drive of building up nature cordial Gigafactory to deliver lithium particle batteries has made an extraordinary stride towards creating innovation that will support condition in future. At present, the processing plant is under development at Tahoe Reno Industrial Center, U.S. This development running close to Nevada and the Nevada representative hopes to appreciate a decent measure of income in two many years of its creation (Tesla Gigafactory | Tesla Canada, 2017). Lithium particle battery vehicles are one of that mechanical progression that vows to spare the quickly diminishing non-sustainable asset of fuel just as looks encouraging as an elective innovation. Tesla Gigafactory in Nevada began its first creation in 2016 of Powerpacks and Powerwalls in a small amount while inside certain months in 2017 it has effectively initiated its large scale manufacturing of battery cells. Gigafactory 1 in Nevada has been planned with the point of limiting the expense of c reation and the use of crude materials through the course of action of vertical joining. Another processing plant of a similar kind Gigafactory 2 is chosen to be set up in Europe supporting progressively 1production of eco inviting vehicle batteries (Tesla Gigafactory | Tesla Canada, 2017). 1.Aim of Tesla Gigafactory Tesla has a few noteworthy and honorable points behind establishing the enormous Gigafactory going through a tremendous measure of cash. The essential goal of Tesla that has quickened the foundation of the first Gigafactory in Nevada is to step forward to change universes car industry by supplanting the fuel with electric. As trusted by Tesla Motors, the creation of lithium particle batteries in the Gigafactory will turn into that wellspring of the maintainable elective wellspring of vitality (Tesla Gigafactory | Tesla Canada, 2017). To accomplish this crucial needs to create electric vehicles in such extraordinary amount that it can push the difference in the elective wellspring of vitality into this industry. So as to make progress in their crucial will require an enormous number of lithium particle batteries; presumably the whole overall creation of present time. The processing plant, to play out this tremendous crucial, still under development and by 2018, Tesla hopes to initiate its full limit creation. Tesla has held hands with Panasonic and other people who help in creating procedures for the organization with the point of delivering batteries at an extensive lower cost. Tesla additionally intends to accomplish advancement in the assembling field and wants to diminish squander age during the assembling procedure. The Gigafactory will assist Tesla with locating the whole procedure of assembling under a similar rooftop. Some other of their noteworthy points are to reduce the per kWh hour cost of battery pack by at any rate 30 percent just as to be fortified by sustainable wellsprings of vitality; the objective is to accomplish plainly zero vitality application. Tesla is anxious to complete the development part as quickly as time permits since they plan to lessen the expense of their by and by accessible batteries drastically with the assist ance of this monster production line. It is as yet not exceptionally clear how this extraordinary streamlining will be conceivable however it is foreseen that Tesla plans to be decked up with a total reusing framework. 2.Current SCM Structure Lithium particle batteries are quickly ascending sought after and at present, the Asia overwhelms the world market in its creation. These batteries are generally utilized in the uses of buyer gadgets since these have extensive high lifecycle and thickness. The force yield of high limit makes them suitably helpful to be utilized in various specific car applications (Miller, 2014). The creation of lithium particle batteries is thickly moved in Asian nations like Japan, China and Korea because of the plenitude of lithium particle battery explicit segment providers accessible here with the goal that these nations together have shaped a bunched gracefully chain especially concentrating on the creation of lithium particle battery. Japan, China and Korea includes practically 79% of the whole car lithium particle battery creation while U.S is consistently progressing to get hold of this requesting market by and by covering 17% of the complete creation. In spite of the fact that the Asian group of LIB creation contributes some favorable position at territorial level, the advantage in cost isn't accessible outside this bunch. Lithium is fundamentally mined from two sources: pegmatite found in hard shakes and saline solution found in salt lakes. Presently the significant wellsprings of pegmatite are: Australia Brazil Canada China The central wellsprings of salt water are: Argentina Bolivia Chile China and S Somewhat, there exists vertical combination of terminal materials across Asia and creation of battery cells. This is probably going to help in bringing down the expense of creation for some specific producers. The LIB materials delivering nations of South East Asia are considered as significant providers of battery materials; the significant explanation for this might be the organizations of these nations do have the necessary information on this field just as the stable budgetary foundation to be known as solid and dependable providers. The accompanying outline clarifies the image of gracefully chain the executives of LIB: All out Manufacturing Capacity of LIB (MWh) Rate portion of limit (%) Assembling Capacity of Automotive LIB (MWh) Rate Share of Automotive Capacity (%) China 39010 51 11240 41 Japan 11978 16 5750 21 Korea 16059 21 4600 17 U.S 4970 7 4600 17 E.U 1798 2 1300 5 Others 2440 3 0 0 Absolute 76255 100 27490 100 The outline unmistakably shows that the U.S doesn't have as solid a gracefully chain as Asian group locale and notwithstanding that, the vast majority of the U.S providers are relatively new and unpracticed and consequently, are accepted to be less dependable (Automotive Lithium particle battery flexibly chain and U.S Competitiveness, 2017). To be sure, the creation cost of Tesla is to rise on the off chance that they need to rely upon the fare administration of Asian providers. While supporting the development of cutting edge battery fabricating in U.S the U.S government has given $1.5B. 3.Whether Tesla will upset the Current SCM It has been seen that the lithium particle battery cell gracefully is quickly developing yet the development is focused on Asia. In the event that Tesla Gigafactory, situated in U.S needs to rely upon this current flexibly chain structure, it will cost a lot for the organization. Subsequently, Tesla has intended to surpass the worldwide creation of lithium particle batteries by 2020 disturbing the current structure of its Supply Chain Management (Automotive Lithium particle battery gracefully chain and U.S Competitiveness, 2017). So as to do as such, the organization has marked a proper arrangement with Panasonic extraordinarily to team up with its Gigafactory activity (Everything will be reused., 2017). As per the understanding, Panasonic is qualified for contribute fundamental types of gear for creation of these car batteries, for example, cathode materials, PVDF and SBR Binders, kaleidoscopic covers and jars, calculated arrangements, electrolyte filling and so forth. Then again, Tesla is to contribute all the utilities, land and structures required to set up and run Gigafactory 1 (Nykvist Nilsson, 2015). Tesla is additionally liable for giving creation types of gear vital to LIB module and creation of battery packs. With proficient administration of Gigafactory and getting the important antecedent compound materials from different teammates, Tesla is probably going to rise as universes biggest maker of lithium particle batteries (Barr, 2013). Without a doubt, Tesla Gigafactory gives noticeable indications to be the biggest and mechanically generally progressed and uncommon battery creating processing plant outperforming the strength of Asian homesteads. The organization is significantly progressively quick to quicken the development work of Gigafactory in light of the fact that the shortage of lithium particle batteries has some place constrained their creation of vehicles (Eisler, 2016). Along these lines, obviously Tesla would like to outreach the 2013 worldwide creation of lithium particle batteries by 2020 as referenced before; not just that the organization has professed to deliver countless battery packs enough to manufacture 500,000 LIB controlled vehicles by the objective year. As per Elon Musk, CEO of Tesla Inc. the vehicle organization means to apply one such exceptional innovation that would streamline the creation of these batteries just as it can possibly agitated the predominant structure of Supply Chain Management. Tesla intends to ship the rail vehicles brimming with crude materials straightforwardly from the mines into the processing plant and Musk demands that these vehicles will come out being changed into completed results of lithium particle battery. The manner in which Tesla has merged its battery pack fabricating process directly from the phase of crude materials; it will be difficult for some other endeavor to contend with Tesla when it will be gin its full limit creation (Anderman, 2016). 4.Whether Tesla will succeed its command The development procedure of Gigafactory 1 is as yet far to go in light of the fact that the greater part of the arranged structure is yet to be fabricated. Presently, all the cases that Tesla has made for this enormous industrial facility and its creation ability are still presumptions and have not been demonstrated in genuine field. In this way, it involves banter whether Tesla will accomplish its asserted objective inside 2020 and the appropriate response correctly talks about what the components are that can take the organization forward and what can

Caregiver Stress From Caring for Someone with PTSD

Caregiver Stress From Caring for Someone with PTSD PTSD Coping Print Stress From Supporting Someone With PTSD By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on January 23, 2020 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD Updated on February 09, 2020 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children Hero Images / Getty Images In This Article Table of Contents Expand Stress Associated With Support What Is Caregiver Burden? Studies on Caregiver Burden Prevention How to Cope Final Note on Caring for a Loved One With PTSD View All The impact of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can reach far beyond the individual with PTSD, affecting the lives of friends and family caring for someone with PTSD. How can you recognize and cope with this stress as a caregiver for a loved one with PTSD? Stress Associated With Support Receiving support from others is very important during times of stress. Seeking support from another person is a healthy and effective way of dealing with a stressful event. During times of stress, people often turn to their loved ones first for support. It is important to realize that providing support requires energy and can be stressful. Watching a partner or spouse struggle with a problem can be upsetting and stressful. In many cases, it is possible to provide support without getting personally overwhelmed. However, when the stress is constant and support is frequently needed, caregiver burden may occur. What Is Caregiver Burden? PTSD can be viewed as a chronic illness, and the person with PTSD may require constant care from a loved one, such as a partner, parent, or another family member. Partners of people with PTSD may be faced with a number of stressors that go along with caring for and living with someone with a chronic disease. These stressors include financial strain, managing the persons symptoms, dealing with crises, the loss of friends or the loss of intimacy. Due to a loved ones illness, partners may be the only people who can take care of such stressors. This puts a large burden on them, and as a result, they may experience tremendous strain and stress, or caregiver burden. Studies on Caregiver Burden A few studies have looked at caregiver burden among partners caring for loved ones with PTSD. A brief discussion of two of these studies is provided below. In one study, researchers looked at 154 spouses of veterans with PTSD. They found that the severity of the veterans PTSD symptoms was connected to the amount of caregiver burden and distress experienced by the spouse.?? In other words, as a spouses PTSD symptoms got worse, so did the caregivers amount of burden and distress. Researchers have also looked at how PTSD symptoms such as depression, anger, and violence play out in relationships with PTSD patients and their caregivers. There may be a connection between how much detail about the trauma is shared with a partner?? but more research is needed to better understand the issues. Mental Health of Caregivers Studies looking at the wives of combat veterans have found that this stress can have damaging consequences psychologically. Among wives of combat veterans with PTSD, there was an increased risk not only of PTSD, but somatic disease, clinical depression, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and an increased level of suicidality.?? Prevention It is important that caregivers have basic information about PTSD. Simply knowing the symptoms of PTSD and where they come from, can help caregivers gain a better understanding of their loved ones diagnosis and behavior. Mental health professionals recognize the stress that comes with caring for a loved one with PTSD. Caregivers may also benefit from attending individual therapy or support groups to find support for themselves, and to learn how to cope better with their loved ones PTSD. Couples counseling may also be useful. Recently, online support groups have popped up, giving caregivers the opportunity to talk 24/7 with other caregivers of people with PTSD. As with any support group, its important to know that while many of these provide excellent support, some groups can actually make you feel more depressed. If you choose to go online, make sure to connect with people who share your challenges but support you in coping. How to Cope Unfortunately, despite the significant impact of PTSD on family and friends, remarkably little research has looked at methods of helping caregivers cope with this stress. In addition, most of the research is dated and focuses on the incidence of caregiver burden rather than any effort to look at ways of reducing the burden. Not only is the health of caregivers important and worthy of more research, but these caregivers are also the primary source of support needed by those living with PTSD.?? Until more is known, caregivers of people living with PTSD may wish to look at ways that caregivers of those with other conditions such as dementia and cancer have coped with their challenge. Final Note on Caring for a Loved One With PTSD Caregivers may feel guilty if they take time for themselves; however, it is important for caregivers to realize that they too need time to recharge their batteries. Living with and caring for someone with PTSD is stressful. Unlike some conditions which are short-term, PTSD is a chronic condition that can feel unending at times. It is a marathon rather than a sprint, and as in a marathon, its important for caregivers to pace themselves and take time to rest. The more a caregiver can learn how to care for themselves, the better they will be able to care for others. Some of these simple tips for caregivers of cancer patients pertain just as much to caregivers of people with PTSD. Hopefully, the stress impact on caregivers of people with PTSD will be studied more carefully in the near future, not just to document the presence of stress, but to look for ways in which caregivers can best cope.

Public Policy Is An Objective Oriented Action Plan

Public policy is an objective-oriented action plan that the government pursues in handling various problems facing the country. The design and application of public policy in the country derives its rationale from the laws. Despite this feature, individuals that are not legislators often set public policy. The government agencies, individuals, and groups that fail to comply with public policies are subject to legal penalties. The power of formulating public policy incorporates division between vast arrays of entities. Defense policy serves as an excellent example in this context. For instance, following the Japanese attacks on Pearl Harbor, the president conducted a joint session of Congress to seek the declaration of war. This process,†¦show more content†¦At the other end of this continuum, the setting of public policies to dictate all the actions of individuals would result in producing a society based on extreme order. In both contexts, the option of enjoying the existin g order or liberty to full extent is impossible without the attainment of adequate balance. At the extreme points, the scope or number of public policies can play an important role in the maximization of order and liberty. This perspective leads to the alternate description of the public policy. Public policy refers to the procedures through which the political establishment balances the need for creating a structured environment and provisions of freedom. Within such an environment, the political establishment can provide mechanisms through which to enjoy the freedoms in a meaningful manner. These policies are developed in order to act as checks for the role of government towards its citizens. The waging of debates relating to social policy usually occurs on two fundamental levels. The big picture perspective encompasses the philosophical and practical implementation levels. From a philosophical standpoint, people may highlight differences in their support for the inaction or actio n of the government in relation to the priority they place order, liberty or democracy. The opposing views that characterize this scenario have deep roots as well as considerable implications for the ways politicians and

Analysis of Much Ado About Nothing Essay - 3681 Words

Analysis of Much Ado About Nothing Much Ado About Nothing illustrates a kind of deliberately puzzling title that seems to have been popular in the late 1590s (ex quot;As You Like Itquot;). Indeed, the play is about nothing; it follows the relationships of Claudio and Hero (which is constantly hampered by plots to disrupt it), and in the end, the play culminates in the two other main characters falling in love (Beatrice and Bena*censored*), which, because it was an event that was quite predictable, proves to be quot;much ado about nothingquot;. The pronunciation of the word nothing would, in the late 16th Century, have been noting, and so the title also apparently suggests a pun on the word, noting, and on the use of the word†¦show more content†¦This attitude is reflected in Shakespeare’s plays. For example, in Much Ado About Nothing, many f the characters have Italian names (Borachio, Claudio, etc.). This is also true of some of Shakespeare’s others plays such as The Taming of the Shrew, and Romeo and Juliet. Major Themes One of the major themes in Much Ado About Nothing centers around the question and battle between deception and reality. One first notices of the image of deception as we witness the masking and unmasking at the masquerade. In the play, most overhear discussions are deceptions. It is through eavesdropping that we see the true battle between deception and reality as we look at the subplots of Bene*censored* and Beatrice, Hero and Claudio, as well as the comedy of Dogberry and his crew. The relationship between Bene*censored* and Beatrice is one manufactured completely through deception on the behalf of their friends. Though the plot to unite them was planned, many of the problems that arose were because of things that were overheard accidentally or on purpose. In Act II, Scene 3 Bene*censored* is deceived into thinking that Beatrice loves him because of the speech in the garden between Leonato, Claudio, and Don Pedro. Bea trice is sent to fetch Bene*censored* for dinner, and Bene*censored* notes some marks of love in her[Beatrice], (240-241) and he decides to take pity upon her and return her love. In Act III, Scene 1 BeatriceShow MoreRelatedMuch Ado About Nothing Analysis1387 Words   |  6 Pages Much Ado About Nothing Analysis Beginning in 15th century Messina in the aftermath of a war, the play opens with the army of Don Pedro of Aragon arriving in the country and being welcomed by Leonato, Messina’s governor. Count Claudio, hero of the war, falls in love with Leonato’s daughter Hero at first sight, and Don Pedro promises to woo Hero for Claudio. Don John, Don Pedro’s brother who is resentful of both Claudio and Don Pedro for defeating him in the just-ended war and himself being a bastardRead MoreMuch Ado About Nothing many events dealing with gossip, perplexion, and rumors. In the 1993 film900 Words   |  4 PagesMuch Ado About Nothing many events dealing with gossip, perplexion, and rumors. In the 1993 film version, mainly emphasizes on the confusion that the characters have. In Shakespeare’s day, the â€Å"nothing† would have been pronounced as â€Å"noting† meaning gossiping. Claudio questions, â€Å"Didst thou note the daughter of Leonato?† to whic h Benedick responses, â€Å"I noted her not, but I looked on her.† He at that juncture initiates to sort jokes about her look. It is a stimulating argument since Claudio claimsRead MoreA Comparison Between the Plots of King Lear and Much Ado about Nothing910 Words   |  4 Pagescloser look at the plots of King Lear and Much Ado about Nothing. There are both similarities and differences in King Lear’s and Much Ado about Nothing’s plots in the rising action, climax, and resolution. Initially, There are both similarities and differences in King Lear’s and Much Ado about Nothing’s plots in the rising action. In both cases, you aren’t given much time upon beginning until situations start to escalate. Now, before I say anything about King Lear’s plot, I’d like to point out thatRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Much Ado About Nothing3289 Words   |  14 PagesSection One Title Analysis: As an author, William Shakespeare had titles ranging from the light at heart and ethereal to the rigid and formal. The title, Much Ado About Nothing, is one such title that fits very neatly into his light at heart category. However this doesn t mean that the title doesn t reflect the story as in Shakespeare s other plays. His light at heart stories have titles that are just as reflective as his more serious titles. The title is an obvious indicator of the story thatRead More Much Ado About Nothing Essay: Effective Use of the Foil1025 Words   |  5 PagesEffective Use of the Foil in   Much Ado About Nothing      Ã‚  Ã‚   In The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, the famous British poet William Blake wrote that without contraries there is no progression - Attraction and repulsion, reason and imagination, and love and hate are all necessary for human existence (Blake 122).   As Blake noted, the world is full of opposites.   But, more importantly, these opposites allow the people of the world to see themselves and their thoughts more clearly.   For, as BlakeRead More William Shakespeares Presentation of the Two Pairs of Lovers in Much Ado About Nothing 1857 Words   |  8 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Presentation of the Two Pairs of Lovers in Much Ado About Nothing Much Ado About Nothing would have been pronounced Much Ado About Noting in Shakespeares time. Noting would infer seeing how things appear on the surface as opposed to how things really are. This provides an immediate clue as to how the play and the presentation of the story of the two pairs of lovers would be received by an audience of the time, livingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Much Ado About Nothing 2573 Words   |  11 Pages In the book Much Ado About Nothing, the author Shakespear, introduces to the audience a woman named Beatrice who is not afraid to speak her mind. Through her lengthy lines and her witty tongue, the audience can see that, Beatrice is nothing like any other female characters. Beatrice is extremely free-spoken and is not afraid to use her sharp tongue. It is evident that, Beatrice is holding back her feelings from Benedick to protect her heart; her verbal abuse is a humor mask that hides how sheRead MoreMuch Ado About Nothing Individualism Analysis1380 Words   |  6 Pages Much Ado About Nothing, written by William Shakespeare, sheds light on individualism. Individualism is the habit or principle of being independent and self-reliant. Individualism philosophies are the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that emphasizes the moral worth of the sole individual. William Shakespeare was an English poet and playwright, and was considered one of the greatest w riters in the English language, of all time. Still to this day, Shakespeare has hisRead MoreBenedick’s Soliloquy Analysis- Much Ado About Nothing Essay1190 Words   |  5 PagesBenedick’s Soliloquy Analysis In the play of Much Ado About Nothing, the characters of Benedick and Beatrice have a love-hate relationship. On the surface, it appears that their relationship is built on a war of wits and insults. However, in Benedick’s soliloquy, the reader discovers that at the core of their insults actually lie the true feelings of love. It is also apparent that Benedick even sees loving each other as a competition, in that he wants to love her to a point of outdoing her loveRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Beatrice And Benedick In Much Ado About Nothing1166 Words   |  5 Pagesthe first part of their conversation, Beatrice alludes that they have had some sort of past connection and Beatrice needs some reassurance from Benedick about their relationship.   Eve Best and Catherine Tate play Beatrice and Charles Edwards and David Tennant play Benedick in William Shakespeare’s play Much Ado About Nothing, a well-known comedy about love, drama, and gossip. Beatrice is a friendly wo man who has a quick wit. She gives the impression of not wanting to get married throughout the play

Historical Fiction Narrative Free Essays

Historical Fiction Narrative My name is Elizabeth, I’m 15 and I’m moving to the West with my family. We are going there for something called the Homestead Act. The Homestead Act is when you get 160 acres of land for free for 5 years. We will write a custom essay sample on Historical Fiction Narrative or any similar topic only for you Order Now During the 5 years, you must grow crops. But my father is going to the West for mining gold. It’s May 8th, 1861. Tomorrow my family and I leave for the West. We are going by railroad. It will be my first time going on the railroad. I’m so excited yet nervous. I heard that it’s a Transcontinental Railroad. That means that it’s a railroad that spans the continent. May 9th, 1861 Man: â€Å"So what are you on this train for? † Me: â€Å"Moving to the West. My family is getting a big house with 160 acres of land for free and my dads going to be a miner. † Man: â€Å"Oh, the Homestead Act! † Me: â€Å"Yeah. What are you here for? † Man: â€Å"Gold mining of course! I wanna strike gold and become rich! Me: â€Å"Well, I have to go now so good luck and safe traveling. † Man: â€Å"Good luck and safe trip to you too! † 24 hours later My family and I are now in the West. The train ride was actually not that bad. But now we’re going to our house. Momma and poppa say it’s a big house. My older brother, Frank whose 19, might either stay with momma and I or go mining with poppa and my little sister, Sally whose 5, is staying with momma and I. Iâ₠¬â„¢m so excited that we’re here. It’s beautiful here. The fields, the land, everything! Now we’re at the house. It’s beautiful. And it’s really big and the land is beautiful. It’s like living a dream: fields of blue grass, beautiful blue skies, white puffy clouds. At night, I plan on laying outside in the fields and just watching the starts twinkle like little diamonds. I’m so happy to be here and I’m really excited to be spending the next 5 years and to start a new life in the West with my family. How to cite Historical Fiction Narrative, Essays

Lab Report Banana Dna free essay sample

DNA is organized into genes and stores genetic information. DNA molecules are long, slender molecules that carry the heritable information of organisms on to future generations. Because of their size, it is impossible to see a single DNA molecule with the naked eye. It would take about 300,000 DNA molecules side by side to make a bundle as thick as a human hair. When subjected to certain conditions, it is possible to collect â€Å"large† amounts of DNA to make it visible. As part of the chromosomes, the information contained in genes can be transmitted faithfully by parents through gametes to their offspring. For the gene’s DNA to subsequently influence an inherited trait, the stored genetic information in the DNA in most cases is first transferred to a closely related nuclei acid, RNA or ribonucleic acid. In eukaryotic organisms, RNA most ofther carries the genetic information out of the nucleus, where chromosomes reside into the cytoplasm of the cell. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Banana Dna or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the cytoplasm, the information in RNA is translated into proteins, which serve as the end products of most all genes. The process of transferring information from DNA to RNA is called transcription. The subsequent conversion of the genetic information contained in RNA into a protein is called translation. DNA molecule exists in cells as a long coiled structure often described as a double helix. Each strand of the helix consists of a linear polymer made up of genetic building blocks called nucleotides. There are four types of nucleotides which vary depending on the four nitrogenous bases of the molecule. The four nitrogenous are A(adenine), G(guanine), T(thymine) and C(cytosine). These comprise the genetic alphabet which in various combinations, will specify the components of proteins. It was established in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick that the two strands of their proposed double helis are exact complements of one another, such that the rings of the ladder always consists of either A=T, or G=C base pairs. This complementarity between adenine and cytosine nitrogenuos base pairs and between guanine and cytosine nitrogenuos base pase pairs, attracted to one another by hydrogen bonds, is critical to genetic function. Complementarity serves as the basis for both the replication of DNA and for the transcription of DNA into RNA. OBJECTIVES * To learn basic DNA extraction processes. * To properly and successfully extract DNA from banana using cell disruption and separation techniques. * To investigate the effect of temperature on DNA extraction from bananas. * To observe the extraction of genomic DNA from plant cells. * To understand how a buffer solutions disrupts the plasma membrane and releasing cellular components into the solution. MATERIALS AND APPARATUS PER CLASS * (60-70 oC) Water bath * 95% Ethanol * Extraction solution * Cheesecloth Ice chest containing ice PER GROUP * 40g Banana * 2 ziplock bags (Label ‘Extraction 1’ and ‘Extraction 2’) * 2 funnels * 2 test tubes * 50ml conical tube (2 pieces) * 500ml beaker (2 pieces) * Glass Rod (2 pieces) * Shampoo 4ml * Distilled water 40ml * Table Salt (NaOH) 0. 3g PROCEDURE (A) Extraction solution recipe: 4ml of shampoo was mixed with 36ml of distilled water. The solution was stirred well and slowly. The mixture was divided into two 50ml conical flasks (20ml each). The conical flasks was labelled S and SS. 0. g of salt was added into flask SS. The salt was dissolved by stirring slowly to avoid foaming. (B) Banana Extraction 1. A water bath was prepared. (60 oC) 2. 20g of banana was added into each ziplock bag labeled ‘Extraction 1’ and ‘Extraction 2’ 3. Extraction solution ‘S’ was added into ziplock ‘Extraction 1’ and extraxtion solution ‘SS’ into ziplock bad ‘Extraction 2’. The bag was closed with minimum content of air. 4. The bananas were mushed carefully to avoid the bag from breaking. The bananas were mashed for about 5 minutes. 5. The banana mixtures were cooled in the ice chest containing ice for 2 minutes. Then the bananas were mushed more. The banana mixtures were cooled, the mushed again. This process was repeated for 4 times. 6. The mixtures were filtered through cheesecloths. 7. Approximately 3ml of banana solution were dispenced into each test tube. 8. The test tubes were carefully handled to avoid shaking. Approximately 2ml of cold 95% ethanol was added into each test tube. 9. The test tubes were then observed. Result Photo 1: Test tubes containing solution S and SS CONCLUSION We manage to learn basic DNA extraction processes. We are able to properly and successfully extract DNA from banana using cell disruption and separation techniques. We succesfully investigated the effect of temperature on DNA extraction from bananas. We are able to observe the extraction of genomic DNA from plant cells. We understood how a buffer solutions disrupts the plasma membrane and releasing cellular components into the solution. REFERENCES: BOOKS: * Neil A. Campbell, Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson, Biology (8th Ed), Pearson International Edition: Pearson, Benjamin Cummings. * Peter J. Bowler (1989). The Mendelian Revolution: The Emergence of Hereditarian Concepts in Modern Science and Society. Johns Hopkins University Press. * Pragya Khanna. Essentials of Genetics. I. K International Publising House. * Elof Carlson (The Unfit), Mendels Legacy: The Origin of Classical Genetics, Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory Press, USA * Benjamin Cummings(2005), iGenetics: A Mendelian Approach, Pearson; University of Chicago, USA