Individual Behavior (Organizations) Essay Example for Free

Individual air (Organizations) EssayIndividual demeanor is considered as one of the main determinants of the productivity of a presumption organization. The said relationship is believed to be genuinely important that an entire academic discipline was created to focus on its count. Organizational behaviour is a field of theater that concentrates on describing, understanding, predicting and controlling human way in an organisational setting. It is divided into intravenous feeding sub-fields individual behavior, group behavior, organizational structure and organizational processes.These allow organizational behavior to study a wide range of topics, such as personality, job satisfaction, leadership, group dynamics and the impact of stress on overwork (Answers, 2008). prefatory Elements of Individual Behavior in Organizations It is true that human behavior varies from one person to an different due to their individual differences. However, organizational behavior scienti sts argued that individual behavior is made up of the same agents. These subdivisions moldiness be identified in order to establish predictability in the study of human behavior.The consistency of these elements impression in the development of reasonably accurate predictions of individual behavior (NEU-CBA, n. d. ). Understanding Individuals in Organization Organizational behavior scientists use the psychological contract in their study in order to understand the members of a particular organization. Psychological contract refers to a members expectations based on his or her contributions and the organizations inducements. Contributions are what the member provides to the organization.Inducements, on the other hand, are what the organization will provide the member in exchange for the latters contributions (Abelson, 2006). Personality and Individual Behavior In sharp contrast to psychological contract, the element of personality and individual behavior assert that individual be havior within an organization is determined by the relatively permanent set of psychological and behavioral attributes that distinguish one person from another (Abelson, 2006). One of the most popular personality frameworks is the Big Five Personality Traits. It is composed of the followinga) Agreeableness A persons ability to establish good relationships with others b) Conscientiousness The number of goals of which a person strives hard to achieve c) Negative emotionality The extent to which an individual can keep poised, calm, resilient and secure d) Extraversion The level of comfort a person has with social relationships e) Openness An individuals flexibility in terms of beliefs and interests (Abelson, 2006) Attitudes and Individual Behavior Attitudes are the beliefs and feelings that people have regarding certain ideas, situations or other people.Cognitive dissonance occurs when an individuals encounters other people who does not share his or her views. The element of a ttitudes and individual behavior believe that members of an organization behave the way they do because it is their means of dealing with people who possess attitudes that are different from theirs. For an organization to be productive, its member must learn how to respect each others differences and work as a team despite their diversity in beliefs, attitudes and values (Abelson, 2006). Work-related AttitudesIt must be noted, however, that individual behavior in an organization can also be influenced by attitudes that were developed in the workplace. Some examples of work-related attitudes are the following a) Job Satisfaction or Dissatisfaction An attitude that reflects the amount of pleasure or fulfillment that an individual achieves from his or her work b) Organizational Commitment An attitude that measures a persons degree of affinity with the organization itself c) make a motion and Mood in Organizations i. Positive Affectivity A tendency to exhibit an overall sense of opt imism and well-being sees things in a positive lightii. Negative affectivity A tendency to exhibit an overall sense of pessimism and gloom sees things negatively (Abelson, 2006). Perception and Individual Behavior This element defines a persons behavior as a declaration of his or her perception, or the set of processes by which he or she becomes aware of his or her environment and starts to interpret information about it. One of the most insalubrious forms of perception is selective perception, or the practice of disregarding information that a person feels uncomfortable with or goes against his or her own beliefs.Selective perception whitethorn lead to stereotyping or the usage of a single attribute to categorize or label other people. Selective perception may also result in scapegoating or making other people take responsibility for ones own faults and shortcomings (Abelson, 2006). Stress and Individual Behavior Stress is an individuals result to a strong stimulus, called a st ressor (Ableson, 2006). The general cycle of the human body experiencing and recovering from stress is the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS).Often caused by task, physical, role and interpersonal demands, one of the major effects of stress is burnout, or the feeling of exhaustion produced by undergoing stress for prolonged periods of time (Abelson, 2006). Experts categorized people into two types, depending on how much they can endure stress. Type A people were those who are very competitive, hardworking and are extremely particular when it comes to time. Type B people, on the other hand, were those who were not as hardworking, dilligent and time-conscious.It was said that Type A people were more likely to experience burnout than Type B individuals (Abelson, 2006). Creativity in Organizations This element stresses the importance of an organizations creativity in affecting the behavior of its members. An organization that is always able to come up with new ideas or new perspectives t hat will improve existing ideas have a greater chance of improving productivity among its members than an organization who strictly adheres to convention and does not welcome innovation. Types of Workplace BehaviorThe authority of an organization is very much affected by workplace behavior, or the pattern of action exhibited by its members while working. Workplace behavior is categorized into four types a) Performance Behaviors The total set of work-related behaviors that the organization expects the individual to display (Abelson, 2006). An organizations performance behaviors is usually indicated in its manual for its members. Performance behaviors are one of the organizations ways of communication to its members what are its objectives and how will these be attained.b) Withdrawal Behaviors Characterized by the absence of an organizations members i. Absenteeism When people develop a habitual pattern of not showing up for work ii. Turnover When people resign from their jobs c ) Organizational Citizenship When people display behavior that contributes positively and immensely to their organization. d) Dysfunctional Behaviors Behaviors that are detrimental to organizational performance (e. g. take office property, fighting in the office premises, reporting to work in improper attire, etc.) When a person shows nonadaptive behavior, he or she is direct the message that he or she does not belong to the organization that he or she joined and that he or she has contempt for those who do. In addition, the person who exhibits dysfunctional behavior also has contempt for the organization itself, as well as for its objectives (Abelson, 2006). Conclusion An organization is composed of individual members who have different backgrounds, beliefs, values and principles.Hence, it is very crucial to train them how to work harmoniously with one another despite their differences. By identifying the elements of individual behavior in an organization, employers can establi sh standards and rules that are faithful but at the same time considerate towards the workers needs. Not only will the company prosper the employees will also become better workers and persons as well. References Abelson, M. (2006). Chapter 15 Basic Elements of Individual Behavior in Organizations. PDF File.Retrieved June 2, 2008, from http//wehner. tamu. edu/mgmt. www/mgmt. 363/non-business_363/Chapter%2015%20%20-%20Griffin%208th%20Edition. pdf. Answers. com. (2008). Organizational Behavior. Retrieved June 2, 2008, from http//www. answers. com/topic/organizational-behavior? cat=biz-fin Northeastern University College of Business Administration (NEU-CBA). (n. d. ). Human Behavior in Organizations An Introduction. Retrieved June 2, 2008, from http//web. cba. neu. edu/ewertheim/introd/introd. htm

Strategies Used by the Banking Industry Essay Example for Free

Strategies Used by the Banking Industry EssayIn depressed economic times, Banking is an industry that is prone to substantial pecuniary losses, from customers closing their depository account to an increase in outstanding impart delinquency. An increase in consumer and commercial give defaults seat disability the integrity of a Banks outstanding lend portfolio. Such deterio balancen can lead to an increase of Non-Performing Assets.Once a loan is non execute, (usually when a debtor has not made their scheduled payment for at least 90 days, but there atomic number 18 other reasons why a loan can be deemed non-performing) the odds that it impart be repaid in full are considered to be substantially lower. The non-performing asset is therefore not yielding any income to the lender in the form of principal and interest payments.Banks have spent the last several yrs grappling with nonperforming assets, but perhaps working out problems with bad loans is best left to entities that do not have to answer to a Federal Regulator. This year, more bounds have escalated efforts to sell nonperforming assets, and industry experts say the spate of such deals is only going to increase. Meanwhile, a new deal structure is calling for sellers to retain the problematic assets to work them out on their own. (Barba, 2011)But, even if a loan pays in accordance with its Terms Conditions, it still can be categorized non-performing for several reasons. Deterioration in financial ratios can cause a loan to be classified non-performing, one of those financial ratios is give to Value or LTV.LTV is the outstanding principal balance of the loan divided by the appraised cherish for real property pledged as collateral for a loan. When the appraised value of the pledged collateral decreases faster than the principal of the loan, the LTV will increase, thereby making this loan a greater risk in case of default.The benchmark LTV ratio will usually not exceed 75%, the rationale be hind this doorsill is if the loan does default and, subsequently, the asset disposed of, that the 25% of equity can be used to reimburse the avow for legal fees, court cost, and expenses incurred with liquidating the collateral. This strategy is compound in the banks lending policy in the effort to make the bank whole in a loan default scenario.When the loan request is not collateral based, the key financial ratio used to determine the borrowers ability to repay is Debt Service Coverage or DSC. This ratio is calculated using the existing company debt, plus the new loan obligation, divided by the businesses existing cash flow to determine if the total debt can be supported. Covenants in the loan documentation will require the business to furnish Tax Returns and Financial Statements annually to review the borrowers financial watch to ensure sufficient DSC. If it is determined that the DSC is not sufficient or if the borrower is not in compliance of the Loan Covenant by not supplyi ng the infallible financial information, the loan can be classified as non-performing.An increase in the level of non-performing assets increases risk and impacts capital levels that regulators believe are appropriate in light of the ensuing risk in the loan portfolio. Regulators request that the level of non-performing assets be reduced. If these problem assets are not reduced through loan sales, workouts, or restructuring or the level of problem assets continue to rise through decreases in the value of the underlying collateral, or in these borrowers performance or financial condition, whether or not due to economic and market conditions beyond our control, could adversely affect the banks operations and financial condition. This is why banks are so raise in getting these assets off the books.Banks thatve held on to some loans in hopes of a rapidly increasing economic recovery are starting to lose hope. Moreover, the Euro geographical zone Debt Crisis and, locally, the $1.2 bil lion dollar debacle and former New Jersey Governor Jon Corzines MF Global, plus the decline in Moodys index of commercial property values, which reached virtually 200 in late 2007 and early 2008, before taking a complete round trip back to 100 as of the beginning of this year and leveling off to about 120but has been largely treading water since late 2009. After that bounce, its gone back down a little, and looks to be straightaway for the foreseeable future, says David Tobin, one of the two principals of Mission Capital Advisors. Its a smart time to sell. (McDonald, 2011)Another reason for the converted interest in selling these assets is the gainsay that banks are having in making new loans. Analysts and investors are demanding balance sheet improvements out of the banks, says Tobin, and if the banks cant show strength by adding new, solid loans, wherefore theyll do it by unloading legacy assets that are a drag on capital. And thats just what has happened. But when they can se ll, they do. The best thing a bank can do is sell properly marked assets that help fix the balance sheet. The more you can sell, the better you are perceived. says Tobin. (McDonald, 2011).So, how do banks dispose of these assets and what is done with those assets that cannot be sold on a Secondary Market? There are several loss mitigation alternatives used by banks in both scenarios.Typical Strategies used in the sale of non-performing loans are usually Note Sales, Short-Sale or Short-Payoffs, or a Deed in office of Foreclosure. A Note Sale is just as it sounds. A Bank will assign all its rights and interests in the subject Note and Mortgage (or a group of Notes and Mortgages) to an interested party for an appropriate price.A Short-Sale or Short-Payoff, again, is just as it sounds, is a method whereby the bank examines the value of the collateral, financial condition of the borrower, and will determine the amount of acceptable loss that the bank would be willing to incur just to ma ke the borrower go away instead of involving themselves in a, potentially, elongated Foreclosure process.Lastly, the Deed in Lieu of Foreclosure is the process whereby the borrower surrenders the Title to the property instead of going through the, potentially lengthy and expensive, Foreclosure process. This method allows for the bank to receive a maximum price for the collateral since they, in essence, are owners of the property since they are in possession of the Title and the buyer does not have to take subsidisation in any Legal action initiated by the bank. More often than not, with this option, borrowers will also insist on the release of any in-person guarantors on the Mortgage, so the bank doesnt have an option of pursing any potential deficiency balance on the loan after the sale of the collateral.When a bank cant sell their criticized and classified loans on the secondary market and has no other choice that to keep those loans on their books, there are several methods th at can be used to modify the existing impairment and conditions of a loan to, possibly, strengthen the point of reference in hopes of a possible heighten in the loans classification by the banks Risk Managers.The first (and most preferred) of these methods is the Reinstatement. The borrower will pay all loan arrears (past-due Principal and wager) and continue salaried as agreed through the term of the loan. As an incentive to the borrower, the bank has the option of waiving accrued Late Charges and Default Interest amounts as part of the terms of the agreement. Typically, if the loan performs as agreed (usually for six to twelve months) after reinstatement, the banks Risk Managers will agree to re-classify the loan back to a performing status and resume taking in the interest income on the loan.The remaining methods are several types of Forbearance Agreements. A Standard Forbearance is often thoughtfulness (the banks delay in enforcing its legal rights and remedies under the N ote) for a promise by the debtor to pay an added amount to the current Principal and Interest payments to cure the loan arrears. A Refinance Forbearance is an option whereby the borrower intends to refinance their loan with the bank in order to satisfy the obligation. Lastly, a Graceful blend in Forbearance allows the borrower the time to market and sell the mortgaged premises in order to satisfy the underlying loan obligation to the bank. The time allowed by the bank in any forbearance scenario will, usually, not exceed twenty four months.In good times or bad, deciding how to manage nonperforming assets is never easy. Loan workout can be intricate and costly, both in time and resources spent on deciding whether to work out an asset or heighten on what can be salvaged. Moreover, it also requires the bank to evaluate whether the borrower can recover and still remain valued customer. (Trauner 2009) But, if the decision is made to sell the credit, then the decision is how to maximize the consideration received for the asset. Selling assets can often be perplexing and nerve-racking and the reality is that if you take time to evaluate and signify purposefully about your portfolio, selling these assets can be a very effectual and fruitful tool to help manage your portfolio through the ups and downs in credit cycles. (Trauner 2009)REFERENCESBarba, R. (2011, November 14). Toxic assets turn into opportunity for community banks. Retrieved from http//www.americanbanker.com/issues/176_221/loan-sales-nonperforming-assets-private-equity-1044055-1.html. (Barba, 2011)McDonald, D. (2011, November 04). Good news? Its a buyers market for bad loans. Retrieved from http//finance.fortune.cnn.com/2011/11/04/bank-bad-loans/ (McDonald, 2011)Trauner, S. (2009, April). Non-performing assets The keep versus sell decision. Retrieved from http//www.wib.org/publications__resources/article_library/2009-10/mar09_assets.html (Trauner, 2009)

Economic Contribution of Women Essay Example for Free

Economic Contri aloneion of Wo work on force Essay1. Introduction This compact topic aims to highlight the important role women have and rump play in economical victimisation. It addresses three questions what is the evidence base to support giveing in women? What be the current constraints on realising the full potential of women in the process of economic development? What are the priority areas of intervention necessary to unblock these constraints? It is focused on women and on economic development, earlier than on the wider issue of grammatical cozy activity and development. However, before looking at the evidence base, constraints, and interventions, it leave provide a brief context of use of the evolution of thinking around women and development.11. The Evolution of Women in Development to gender and Development In the1970s, research on African farmers noned that, far from universeness gender neutral, development was gender blind and could harm women. Out of this realization emerged the Women in Development (WID) approach, which constructed the problem of development as cosmos womens excision from a benign process. Womens subordination was seen as having its roots in their exclusion from the market sphere and their limited glide slope to, and arrest, over resources.The list was past to place women in development by legislatively trying to limit discrimination and by promoting their involvement in education and employment.The WID approach take to resources macrocosm targeted at women and made particularly womens significant productive or income generating contribution, more visible. Their reproductive 1This paper has been prepared with inputs from the membership of the SDSN Thematic class on the Challenges of Social Inclusion Gender, Inequalities and Human Rights, including Kwadwo Appiagyei-Atua (University of Ghana, Legon), Jan Egeland (Human Rights Watch), Todd Minerson (White Ribbon Campaign), Richard Morgan (UNICEF), S anam Naraghi-Anderlin (International Civil Society Action Network), Elisabeth Prgl (Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies), Magdalena Seplveda Carmona (UN Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and merciful rights), and Valmaine Toki (UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues). contribution was less well emphasised.While WID advocated for greater gender equality, it did not face the real structural problem the unequal gender roles and relations that are at the basis of gender subordination and womens exclusion. This approach as well as focussed on what have been termed practical gender fatalitys, such as providing better access to piss, which would reduce the amount of succession women and girls must spend in domestic activities and thus allow them more time for education or employment. at that place was no questioning why collecting water has been constructed as a pistillate responsibility, or why improved access to water is a need of women and girlsonly .In the 1980s, the Gender and Development (GAD) approach arose out of the critique of WID. GAD recognize that gender roles and relations are key to improving womens lives, with the term gender suggesting that a focus on both(prenominal) women and men is needed. More recently, the need to understand how gender intersects with other characteristics such as age, ethnicity and sexuality has been noted. The GAD approach recognises that it is not sufficient to add women and girls into existing processes of development but on that point is also a need to problematise why they are excluded, advocating that the focus should be on addressing the imbalances of power at the basis of that exclusion.GAD also questions the notion of development and its benign nature, implying a need to shift from a narrow understanding of development as economic growth, to a more social or human centred development. GAD projects are more holistic and seek to address womens strategic gender interests by seeking the elimination of institutionalised forms of discrimination for warrant around land rights, or ensuring the right of women and girls to live free from rage, for example (Molyneux 1985 Moser 1989).The 1990s witnessed the rise of rights as many NGOs and agencies adopted a rights-based approach to development. Rights profit the recognition that womens demands are 3legitimate claims. The most not competent success for the womens movement has perhaps been the establishment of sexual and reproductive rights as such. Within this has been recognition of womens right to live free from violence, and a broadening of understanding of violence against women from domestic to gender based. There was also a shift in understanding development as meaning economic development to a more holistic social development focus, nevertheless economic growth remains the main driver.For the majority of large development organisations and agencies, the WID approach has now largely been replaced by GAD, whic h has been institutionalised within the notion of gender mainstreaming. Mainstreaminginvolves ensuring that a gendered perspective is central to all activities, including planning, implementation and monitoring of all programmes, projects, and legislation. While critiqued if undertaken merely as a tick box exercise, gender mainstreaming offers a potential for placing gender at the heart of development.However, womens rights, particularly sexual and reproductive health rights, are not universally accepted as rights, and violence against women remains prevalent across the globe, and women still pretermit full and equal participation in economic and political life. Mainstreaming has yet to succeed and there is a need for a continued prioritisation of integrating women into development.2. Evidence on the Importance of Women to Economic Development The most influential evidence on the importance of women to economic development has come from research used to support the worldly conc ern Banks Gender Mainstreaming Strategy launched in 2001 (Dollar and Gatti 1999 Klasen 1999). This research highlighted that societies that discriminate by gender tend to experience less rapid economic growth and poverty reduction than societies that treat males and females more 4equally, and that social gender disparities produce economically inefficient outcomes ( populace Bank 2001a). For example, it is evincen that if African countries had coatingd the gender gap in aiming between 1960 and 1992 as quickly as East Asia did, this would have produced close to a doubling of per capita income growth in the region (WBGDG 2003).The primary pathways through which gender systems affect growth are by influencing the productivity of labour and the allocative qualification of the economy (World Bank 2002). In terms of productivity, for example, if the access of women farmers to productive inputs and human capital were on a par with mens access, total bucolic output could increase by a n estimated 6 to 20 percent (World Bank 2001b). In terms of allocative efficiency, while increases in domicile income are generally associated with lessen child mortality lay on the lines, the marginal impact is almost 20 times as large if the income is in the hands of the mother rather than the father (WBGDG 2003). denomination of women as being a reliable, productive and cheap labour force makes them the preferred workforce for textiles and electronic transnational corporations. Perception of women as unafraid with money, including being better at paying back loans, has led them to be targeted in microfinance programmes. Recognition of women as more efficient distributors of goods and services within the domicile has led to them being targeted with resources aimed at alleviating poverty, such as cash transfer programmes.The above shows how the justification for including women in development in economic growth has been an efficiency argument, with integrity concerns being 5s omewhat secondary. Critics suggest this instrumentalist approach to engendering development, while operateing economic growth gains, will not fundamentally change the scene and situation of women. It is important to note that while gender equality will help bring economic growth, economic growth will not of necessity bring gender equality. Advancing gender equality requires strengthening different dimensions of womens autonomy economic and political autonomy, full citizenship and freedom from all forms of violence, and sexual and reproductive autonomy (Alpzar Durn 2010).3. Constraints on Realising the Full Potential of Women in the Process of Economic Development Investment in the human capital, health and education, of women and girls is presented as a key way forward as witnessed by the MDGs. The logic is that educated, healthy women are more able to engage in productive activities, go back formal sector employment, earn higher incomes and enjoy greater payoffs to schooling t han are uneducated women (WBGDG 2003 6). Educated women are more likely to invest in the education of their own children, and they are also more likely to have fewer children.Thus investment in human capital has positive short and longer term/inter-generational outcomes and is good for both productivity gains and limiting unsustainable population growth. However, attention has narrowly focussed on ensuring the equal access of girls to primary education. discrepancy of access to secondary and higher education persists, as does the limited conflict of girls in the study of science and technology, limitingthe future life and employment options of immature girls.Willingness to school, feed, and provide health care to girls is far more strongly determined by income and the costs of providing these services than is the case for boys. Sens 100 million missing women is recommendation to how girls are discriminated against in terms of the allocation of household resources to the point tha t it creates a gender imbalance in some societies and countries.Families are often unwilling to invest in the education of girls if this investment is not perceived as bringing them direct economic gains girls are valued only as wives and mothers, and/or spousal transfers any potential future gains from this investment to another family. As 1 in 7 girls marries before the age of 18 in the developing dry land (UNFPA 2012), early and forced marriage remains a key issue and an important factor limiting juvenility womens engagement in both education and economic activities.Justice institutions, from the police to the courts, continue to deny womens right to justice. Women and girls remain unable to access justice, given that in many countries there are still laws that discriminate against women in relation to the family, property, citizenship and employment. Justice systems also do not meet the needs of specific groups of women, such as natal women who are discriminated against and face violence in the public and private spheres based on both gender and race (UNPFII 2013).Cultural factors limit womens rights and engagement in the workplace. Religion still has a key role to play in determining gender norms in many closes and fundamentalist views across the spectrum of religions adventure or deny womens rights, including rights related to sex and sexualities, and to mobility and employment. Economic fundamentalism, policies and practices that privilege profits over people, also deny women their rights as workers and to work. While political culture is important for bringing change, women continue to have a limited voice at the local and national directs, and womenare not able to fully embark in formal systems of power.In the majority of cultures unequal gender and generational relations exist within households with the male head having a high level of control. A woman going out to work is often read by others as meaning the man is unable to provide for his family, making men reluctant and thus limiting womens engagement in paid work through violence or the menace of violence. When women do engage in paid work, it can improve their voice in the home and ability to influence household decision-making.It can also lead to conflict in the home, especially if women earn more than men, or womens employment coincides with mens under or unemployment. In the last decades, a crisis in masculinity has been recognised, relating to the changes in mens roles and positions through processes of globalisation, suggesting a need to focus attention on men if these changes are to bring transformative progress towards greater equality, rather than gain ground harm women.Women continue to suffer limited mobility and, in some cultures, women are not able to leave the home if not accompanied by a man, effectively negating any type of paid employment. Even when women are allowed to leave, they whitethorn face verbal, sexual and physical abuse from unknown ma les for being in the driveway and face gossip and stigma within their own communities.The growing levels and extremes of violence against women have been captured in the notion of femicide the killing of women by men just for being women, including honour killings. In Mexico for example, the term femicide has been used to describe female factory workers being killed for going against gender norms and engaging in paid work impertinent the home.One in three women across the globe will experience violence at some stage in her lifetime. Violence against women and girls, or the brat of violence, be it physical, sexual or emotional, both in the private and public spheres, at the hands of known and unknown men, 8remains a key limiting factor to womens mobility and engagement inprocesses of development.Women who work at home have limited opportunities. While women are very engaged in agriculture, this is generally subsistence rather than cash crops. It is estimated that women own only 1 % of property and lack of rights to inherit or own land, which severely limits womens engagement in larger scale cash crop production. Even when women can inherit land, the need for male protection or labour may mean they will give the land to male relatives.Lack of land ownership may also stop them participating in schemes to improve agricultural output, while lack of wider assets disallows them from accessing loans. Given their lower asset base, women farmers may be most affected by climate change, and while having knowledge of how to adapt, they may be least able to adopt appropriate adaptation strategies.World Bank research has highlighted how the poor are less likely to engage in higher riskreturn activities and the result is that the return on their assets is 25-50% lower than for wealthier households (Holzmann and Jrgensen 2000). While not a gendered analysis, womens relative poverty, lack of assets, and lack of experience might mean they are particularly risk averse keeping them from higher return economic initiatives. However, women have been shown to use micro-finance effectively to develop small codeprises and are recognised as good at paying back loans.When women are in paid employment, they are more likely to be engaged in part time rather than full time work, in the informal rather than the formal sector, and across the globe women earn less than men for comparable work. 9During the recent financial crisis, measures to protect the poor through employment programmes have not considered the gendered dimensions of crisis, yet women may have been more severely affected than men and in more diverse ways. Economic and financial crises cannot be seen in isolation from food, fuel, water, environment, human rights, and care crises (AWID 2012). Women face particular risks during disaster, which climate change may increase, and during conflict. In particular, the risk of physical and sexual violence increases. Agencies not only fail to protect women and girls, but theirreproductive and particularly their productive needs are often unnoted in crisis response and peacebuilding.While remunerated work is important for women, it is important to remember that women still undertake the bulk of unpaid work in the home, household plot, or family business. They have the primary responsibility for caring for children and older people as well responsibility for undertaking activities such as collection of water or firewood. Women play the key role in the care economy, which not only provides care to the young, old and the sick, but also is vital for ensuring a productive workforce. As this work is not remunerated, it is undervalued and lies outside general conceptualisations of the economy.Women engaged in paid work often face a double work day, since they may only be allowed to work as long as their domestic duties are still fulfilled. This means women are time poor and the time burden may impact on their health and wellbeing. To alleviate t his burden and free women to enter paid work, daughters may be taken out of school to cover the domestic work, with related negative impacts on their education and ability to seek remunerated work in the future.Womens continued inability to control their own fertility means that childbirth limits their ability to engage in productive activities. Even when reproductive health services are 10provided, this is not enough to ensure womens ability to access them. Men may see the decision over if and when to have children to be their decision, and large numbers of children may be read as a sign of male fertility and power, which becomes more important when masculinity is threatened. In many cultures, discussion of sexualities remains taboo, denying access and rights to those who do not conform to the heterosexual norm.The sexual and reproductive rights of adolescent girls in particular may be overlooked and they may be denied access to reproductive health services if they are unmarried. R esearch establishes a link between education and womens ability to control their fertility. Studies also show that paid work can promote greater understanding of sexual and reproductive rights among women.Womens socially constructed altruistic behaviour means that economic resources that enter the household via women are more likely to be spent on household and childrens needs. Female-headed households may not be the poorest of the poor as popularly constructed, since women who live with men may suffer secondary poverty the household overall is not poor but, as the man withholds income for personal consumption, women and children within the household are poor (Chant 2006). When women earn, men may withhold even more of their income, leaving women and children with access to the same level of resources but improving the position of women through greater control of those resources.This irresponsibility of men has meant women have been targeted within poverty reduction and social poli cy initiatives. While the targeting of women with resources is welcome, the associated feminisation of obligation and responsibility (Chant 2008) for delivering policy outcomes may not only marginalise men but add further to womens existing triple burden of reproductive, productive, and community management work. It may privilege their reproductive over their productive role and reinforce women as mothers rather than workers.Care needs to be taken to ensure that programmes serve womens needs and women are not merely placed at the service of these policy agendas (Molyneux 2007). It is important to remember that policies to promote economic development that include women but do not tackle the structural inequalities at the basis of their exclusion may bring growth gains, but will not necessarily bring gender equality gains.4. Priority Areas of Intervention Necessary to Unblock these Constraints Womens groups and movements across the globe continue to promote as fundamental the need to celebrate and defend womens sexual and reproductive health rights. Womens groups and movements also continue to be fundamental to promoting these rights, but many find themselves under threat for thisfocus. Sexual and reproductive rights are critical for social and economic development. Without these rights, women and adolescent girls cannot make decisions around fertility, repeated childbirth keeps them from income generating activities and reduces productivity, and early and forced marriage keeps young women from education and employment.Sexual, emotional and physical violence and the threat of violence limits womens mobility, confines women to the home, and keeps them from engaging fully in processes of social and economic development. Men and boys can have a role to play in the prevention of genderbased violence and the promotion of gender equality.Threats to womens rights exist on many levels, including those posed by culture, religion, and tradition, as well as processes of globalisation and economic change. A right gained is not a right maintained unless there is constant monitoring of rights. There is a need to strengthen womens access to both formal and informal justice systems, and ensure these are responsive to advancing all womens equal rights, opportunity, and participation. Improving womens political voice is also crucial here.Womens responsibility for unpaid domestic work makes them time poor as well as more economically dependent on men, yet is vital for ensuring a healthy and productive workforce. While investment in groundwork such as water, sanitation and electricity is important to ease the time burden associated with these tasks, it does not change how unpaid work and the care economy is conceptualised and valued. Financial, environmental, and health crises intensify the need for care services with the care burden falling disproportionately on women and girls.Policies to provide affordable, quality child care and adequate healthcare ser vices would not only free women to enter paid employment, but also help change care work from being understood as a domestic responsibility to a collective responsibility. This change in how care work is conceptualised and valued should be a longer-term goal.In the short term, there is a need to create full, decent productive employment opportunities for women and access to finance, as well as continue to provide social protection, and more significantly promote and value women as good with money. Key for economic growth is the promotion of womens economic rights which entails promoting a range of womens rights their sexual and reproductive rights and rights to education, to mobility, to voice, to ownership, and to live free from violence.References Alpzar Durn, L. Keynote speech at High-Level Roundtable The implementation of the Beijing solvent and Platform for Action, the outcomes of the 23rd special posing of the General Assembly and its contribution to shaping a gender perspec tive towards the full realization of the MDGs. 54th session of the UN Commission on the Status of Women, United Nations home plate NY, March 2010. AWID. Getting at the Roots Re-integrating human rights and gender equality in the post2015 development agenda. Association for Womens Rights in Development, October 2012. Chant, S.Re-thinking the feminization of poverty in relation to aggregate gender indices, Journal of Human Development (7 (2), p.201-220), 2006. Chant, S. The feminisation of poverty and the feminisation of anti-poverty programmes Room for revision? Journal of Development Studies (44 (2), p.165197), 2008. Dollar, D and Gatti, R. Gender Inequality, Income, and Growth Are Good Times Good for Women? Gender and Development Working Papers, No. 1, May 1999. Holzmann, R. and S. Jrgensen. Social Risk Management A new conceptual framework for social protection and beyond, Social Protection Discussion Paper Series 0006, Social Protection Unit, Human Development Network, The World Bank, February 2000. Klasen, S. Does Gender Inequality Reduce Growth and Development?Evidence from CrossCountry Regressions, Gender and Development Working Papers No. 7, November 1999. Molyneux, M. Two cheers for conditional cash transfers, IDS air (38 (3), p.6975), 2007. Molyneux, M. Mobilization without emancipation? Womens interests, the state, and revolution in Nicaragua, Feminist Studies (11 (2), p.227254), 1985 Moser, C. Gender planning in the Third World Meetingpractical and strategic gender needs, World Development (17 (11), p.17991825), 1989. Sen, A. More than 100 million women are missing, New York Review of Books (37 (20), 1990. UNFPA, From Childhood to Womanhood Meeting the Sexual and Reproductive Health Needs of insipid Girls.Fact Sheet Adolescent Girls Sexual and Reproductive Health Needs, 2012. UNPFII. Study on the extent of violence against women and girls in terms of article 22(2) of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Issues (E/C.19/2013/9 ), 2013. WBGDG. Gender Equality and the Millennium Development Goals, World Bank Gender and Development Group, April 2003.World Bank. Social Protection Strategy From galosh Net to Springboard, Washington DC World Bank, 2001a. . Engendering Development Through Gender Equality in Rights, Resources, and Voice, New York Oxford University Press, 2001b . Integrating Gender into the World Banks Work A Strategy for Action. Washington DC World Bank, 2002.15

Elderly Demographics Research Study

Elderly Demographics Research StudyTopic Backgroundwellness stressing behavior is becoming more popular in the field of research deal at present m. The use of this, somehow, became the window of opportunity to policymakers in delivering a check wellness system especially in developing countries1. (Shaik, 2015). This is true among the gray population since a shift in the pattern of morbidness and mortality was disc all over in recent long time. Non-communicable diseases have become the top leading father of morbidity. Furthermore, the emergence of lifestyle diseases in urban atomic number 18as too adds up to the list of morbidity acts. This change contributes to the reluctance of elderly in seeking wellness therefore an obstacle to achieving good wellness. Health seeking behaviour plays a major bureau in the effect of their health status and not solely attributed to advancing age 2 (Sangmee Ahn Jo, 2007). A review literature 3(Grundy, 2010) indicated contributing factors that affect decisions of elderly on health. An identified hindrance is the preference of alternative or traditional therapies over formal health care which reportedly delay consultations, and in effect, cause delay of treatment accordingly 4-14. Grundy (2010) further emphasized that despite the variation in health seeking behaviour across regions, continuing studies of this aspect in health care is essential to provide a better picture of the disease process event. In this take health-seeking behaviour is defined as the followers the use of alternative or traditional therapies, reported delays in consultation and complaisance of prescribed medicine among elderly population. freshen of Related Literature plane though the growing population in the Philippines was dominated by the young we cannot ignore the needs of the increasing population of the elderly. The elderly were not given as much attention in the government health programs but the incidence of health problems play a par t to the economic burden of households15. (Cecilia Santos-Acuin, 2013). In the 2010 bailiwick census it was stated that there were closely 92.34 million Filipinos and approximately 5.8M (6.8%) of these belongs to the elderly population. Philippine population projected to increase to 142 million by 2045 and a match of 35 years around 50million people testament be added16. (PSAPopulation Projection Statistics, 2014)World Health Organization defined elderly according to the three principal(prenominal) categories namely chronology, change in social role and change in capabilities .To standardized UN agreed a cutoff of 60 years old and above17. (World Health OrganizationHealth Statistics and information system, 2015).Health-seeking behaviour among elderly unhurrieds varies from each country. In the event of non-consultation or delay consultation among elderly it is obvious that the outcome was associated with indecorous medical consequences. In sensation of the study conducted ab out managing nutrition among the elderly they pointed out the importance of prevention and early intervention because of the difficulty in treating an private once the disease was already established4. (Damian Flanagan, 2012). This was also supported by cross-sectional study done in Namibia which the outcome resulted in higher treatment delays. In the study they determined the cause and categorized delay in the treatment as protracted delay based on older age, urban residence, and longer walking distance to the nearest public facility, and doing a chest x-ray while having HIV seropositive and formal education determined the shorter delays5. (Kingsley Ukwaja, 2013). One significant Malaysian study focusing among elderly which utilized CAM for natural and safer use found out that non-consultation would contribute to the increasing undiagnosed cases of chronic diseases6.(Shahid Mitha, 2013).Further studies for distinguishable slipway of treatment were done to substitute for complem entary and alternative medicine especially common amongst Asians with elderly eightfold co morbidities6 (Shahid Mitha, 2013).A study on DM conducted in Uganda showed that the unavailability of medicines prompted the people to use CAM for treatment and consulted a faith healer especially to those failures to manage DM causing an increase in DM connect complications7. (Katarina Hjelm, 2011). Moreover, the elderly in the Philippines use medicinal plants before consulting to health professionals because of its availability, cheaper price than Western drugs, and usefulness in the treatment of various illnesses and to alleviate milder form of illnesses8. peck who had chronic multiple morbidity took their medicines in a daily basis to survive, to work normally and to fulfil social work or obligations in the family. pickings multiple tablets in a day is a burden to them9. (Anne Townsend, 2003). One of the study conducted in Malaysia showed that the presence of a particular symptom lead single start the usage of prescribed medicine. However, once these symptoms are resolve, medication would also be terminated giving them reason not to take drugs religiously. This will skillful worsen the disease process and later will lead to multiple admittance. Other studies also pointed out that noncompliance of medicine are due to the apprehension of drug dependency, multiple side effects and interaction with other drugs.(10). Thus, being more cautious and elaborative in giving instructions to patients who are taking multiple drug regimens should be practiced by health practitioners11. (Isacson D, 2002).A house-hold survey done among elderly Nigerian revealed that regardless of age and sex, family consultation is their first prime(a) of treatment for their illnesses. This somehow increases the morbidity among the elderly population since family members know little about the safety and appropriate treatment for them12. (Abdulraheem, 2007)A cohort study in South Korea using AG E found out that the increase level of awareness and concern about the health of elderly women increases health-care consultation thus, resulted to increased jeopardy of morbidity.2 (Sangmee AhnJo, 2007). In Myanmar, a study conducted to elderly women concluded that low-level of education and income play great role in skipping treatment and self-care13. (Soe Moe, 2012). Similarly, in Bangladesh, younger big(p) and elderly age conference were compared in terms of health seeking behaviour (self-care/self-treatment). It showed no significant difference in health-seeking pattern. Both age group opted self-care/self-treatment as the first line of prevention due to poverty which would explain the increase in morbidity pattern of both.14(Syed Masad Ahmed, 2005).The growing trend of non-communicable diseases is the common cause of morbidity in todays modern world. This lifestyle related disease can be altered in the future by ascertain the source of it. Also, health seeking behaviour pl ays a major role in determining the outcome of health status of an individual. No study on health seeking behaviour and factors that influence the behaviour of our elderly in our locality so a research study would be beneficial in gathering new information. Added to that, our elderly may have different factors towards health seeking behaviour and different morbidity pattern than the others.Research QuestionThis study aims to determine what are the demographic and clinical characteristics of elderly patient 60 years old and above of the Davao regional hospital FAMED outpatient department that are associated with their health seeking behaviour?Significance of the studySince health care programs to the elderly is not yet well established in Davao Regional infirmary, the outcome of this study will be the basis of the future recommendation of programs for the elderly in the DRH outpatient department. With this study we will be able to deliver better health services to our elderly patien ts such asa. Creating a geriatrics club that would exclusively cater the needs of the elderly patient so that they dont need to line-up with other patients. This would somehow help lessen their delay in consultation at the same time will increase the need to seek consult to a physician as their first excerption of health care giver.b. By incorporating a primary giver as a capableness treatment partner for the elderly patients that would monitor and check the elderly patients compliance to medicine and assure treatment success.C.Enrolling those elderly patients ages 70 years and above residing within 5 km of the hospital premises to a family oriented program .This would benefit those elderly patients that cannot visit the hospital due to old age, too sick to move and avoiding too much crowd. A home visit from the assign physician will help lessen their delay in consultation, correct the use of alternative medicine and affect their first choice of care giver.Objective of the study This study general neutral is to identify the demographic and clinical characteristics of elderly patient 60 years old and above of the Davao Regional Hospital FAMED outpatient department that are associated with their health seeking behaviour.Specific ObjectivesTo determine respondents socio-demographic and clinical profile.To determine the health seeking behaviour among elderly patients in terms ofDelay in consultation of promontory complaintUse of alternative and traditional therapiesCompliance of prescribed medicineFirst choice of health care providerTo identify the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of patient that would determine their health seeking behaviour.II. MethodologyA. Research DesignA cross-sectional study will be conducted among elderly patient of Davao Regional Hospital outpatient department.B. SettingThis will be done at Davao Regional Hospital outpatient department of Family Medicine sometime in September 1, 2015 to October 31, 2015. The triaging sy stem of Davao Regional Hospital outpatient department starts with a introductoryity number to all with special considerations to the elderly population. All elderly on the senior citizen lane will be distributed to the different departments based on their chief complaint. In this study all respondents triage to the Family Medicine department will be invited to participate.C. assorticipantsThe respondents of this study include elderly patients ages 60 years and above willing to participate in this study. All those who are critically ill will be excluded from the study.D. Sampling ProcedureA convenience ingest will be done.E. Interventions and Comparisons Not applicableF. Randomization Not applicableG. Data GatheringApproval of the CERC board will be obtained first prior to the collection of entropy. Data will be collected using a three-part standard questionnaire which will be administered through a one on one interview by the FAMED residents rotating at the outpatient department .Independent VariablesPart 1 will consist of information about socio-demographic profile like age, sex, highest educational attainment, speckle of origin and source of funds.Part 2 will consist of the clinical profile of the respondents which includes presence of concomitant chronic diseases and current chief complaint.Dependent VariablesPart 3 will be the information about the respondents health seeking behaviour and the outcome to be measured. In this study the following health seeking behaviours are explored. First health seeking behaviour is according to delay in consultation which in this study refer as the time from flack of chief complaint to first consult in Davao Regional Hospital FAMED outpatient department. For this study, a delay of 14 days or more from the time of onset of chief complaint to the time that the patient goes to the hospital will be considered as longer delay and a delay of 7 days to 14 days from the time of onset of chief complaint to the time that the patient goes to the hospital will be considered as shorter delay 18-19(Fact sheet Diarrhoel disease, 2013) (Blanca Ochoa, 2002). The irregular health seeking behaviour is the use of alternative or traditional therapies which are define in this study as the use of herbal medicines, over the counter drugs, acupuncture, reflexology, hilot and others not part of the conventional medicine before the initial consult referable to the chief complaint. Another health seeking behaviour is the compliance of prescribed medicine which in this study defines as the correct usage of drugs as to dosage, frequency, duration, and timing as prescribed by licensed physician of Davao Regional Hospital in relation to its chief complaint. Last health seeking behaviour is according to the first choice of health care providers. For this study, the first choice of health care providers in relation to its chief complaint.H. Sample size computationSample size of this study was computed using the software StatC alc from EpiInfo 7. Calculations were based on the following assumptions 1 40% of patients aged 70 years (exposure) consult 2 weeks after onset of their chief complaint (outcome) and, 3 there are as more patients aged 70 years as there are patients aged 60-70 years. In a computation of odds ratios of getting the outcome, carried out at a 5% level of significance, a total sample of 194 patients will have 80% power of rejecting null hypothesis (no significant increase or decrease in odds ratio) if the alternative holds. An interim analysis will be done halfway through the recruitment (97%) in order to recompute the ideal sample size.I.Data use and analysisData for the study will be encoded in the Microsoft Excel and analyzed using EpiInfo 7. Categorical data will be summarized as frequencies and percentages, and compared. free burning data will be summarized as means and standard deviations, and compared. Odds ratios of having particular health seeking behaviours will be computed. Level of significance will be set at 5%.Ethical Consideration foregoing to participating in the study, the consent of the participant must be obtained.Ethics ReviewThe proponent of the study will secure an approval from the Cluster Ethics Research Committee of Southern Philippines Medical Center prior to doing the research. informed go for FormA written consent is obtained from the potential participants prior to conducting the study.Informed Consent SignatoryThe signature of the participant should appear in the consent form.Informed Consent WitnessNo witness will be required in order for the informed consent to be binding.Informed Consent placeholder ConsentThere will be no proxy consent aside from that of the participant will be allowed.Informed Consent ProcessPrior to signing the consent form, the potential participants are informed about the study rationale and objectives.Informed Consent Timing and VenueThe informed consent will be taken prior to the administration of the que stionnaire. It will be done in the assigned area of the participant within DRH premises during office or duty hours.Disclosure of Study Objectives, Risks, Benefits and ProceduresThe participants will be informed of the study objectives, its purpose, its benefits and what is expected of them. They will also be told that there are no risks relate in the study.Remuneration, Reimbursement and Other BenefitsNo remuneration or reimbursement will be given to the participants.Privacy and ConfidentialityThe researchers will not disclose the identities of the participants at any time. moreover the main proponent of the study has the individualized information of the participants. The researchers will not contact the participants after this one time interview.Investigators ResponsibilityIt is the tecs responsibility to ensure the confidentiality of any information obtained during the research.Specimen HandlingN/AVoluntariness and Alternative OptionsThe respondents participation in the study will be entirely voluntary. In case the participants wish to withdraw from this study the researchers will respect that decision and there will be no effect in the present and succeeding consultations.Information on Study ResultsThe participants will have access to their data. After the data has been analysed, the overall results will also be made known to the participants.Extent of Use of Study DataAt present there are no intended plans to use the data aside from the objectives stated in the protocol.Authorship and ContributorshipJacqueline N. Nuenay, M.D. is the principal investigator and the main author of the study. Dr. Chrysteler Clet is the co-author.Conflicts of InterestThe principal investigator and the co-author declare no difference of opinion of interest.PublicationThe research may be submitted for national and/or international presentation or publication.FundingThe main proponent of the study is using personal funds to conduct the study.Duplicate Copy of the Informed C onsent FormA duplicate copy of the informed consent form will be provided to the participants of the study. Additional copies can be made on request.Questions and Concerns Regarding the StudyThe participants will be encouraged by the principal investigator to voice out concerns about their participation in the study.Contact DetailsThe participants of the study will be provided with the cell phone number of the principal investigator. The principal investigator is also open for questions, comments and concerns about the study.

Relationship Between Macbeth And Lady Macbeth Philosophy Essay

Relationship Between Macbeth And dame Macbeth Philosophy EssayShakespeare, the Einstein of his time has changed the intrepid minds of more an(prenominal) influential people in the Elizabethan era which includes King Edward I. In his greatest play, Macbeth, has founded us that foul is fair and foul is fair in the hu objet dart relationship between Macbeth and peeress Macbeth revealing the dominant role of women over men. doll Macbeth achieves great dominance over Macbeths will by shattering his manhood. She conveys that his doubts on the blackwash signify his lack of ambition and valour of being a man. She mentions that a real man should non only confound boldness to create a tight situation, but should also implement his honourable raillery. Lady Macbeth then strategically gives the almost horrendous example nearly the smashing of the skull of the baby, which further criticises Macbeths excite attitude which contrast to the majority of women. This provokes Macbeth to ac t in accordance to his male honour.Shakespeare shows how Lady Macbeth shows her true self as she says in the play Had he not so closely resembled my father, I would have done it. This triple meaning is clearly shown. The first meaning if you look at it literally, it is trying to convey that he looked very similar to her dad which shows full commitment and trust to her parents. This showed how inside of her there is a lot of undivided love to her parents which has disable and caned her, much wish well any another child would do. However, it whitethorn be that because her parents gave birth to her, she is grateful for that and does not want to kill them As Macbeth has been called noble, he would surely give the identical respect to Lady Macbeths parents as Macbeth would to his parents and would never think about scratching his parents, let alone kill them. This shows how Lady Macbeth has slowly and give careful invaded into Macbeths mind and persuade him so much that he does not t ruly denied the thought of cleanup spot King Duncan. This also shows that Macbeth has not given her anything and so ultimately the relationship is baseless and her love is false. The second meaning would be the biblical imagery of divinity as Lady Macbeth said he which shows that Lady Macbeth thoughts are that the more flop you are, the more god same(p) you are. She could not kill God as she did not have enough power. She wanted the lust for power and although she has committed felonious acts like killed a child, she is not in the level where God is and so could not kill him. As Macbeth has been given the title of Thane of Glamis and Thane of Cawdor, she believes that he has power. In spite of this, Lady Macbeth want more and more power and so forces Macbeth to kill King Duncan so that as his equal half in the relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, in the eyes of the pubic, would ultimately receive more power. This strongly shows how the relationship is not a relationsh ip but is simply a ventriloquist and a puppet, where the ventriloquist is Lady Macbeth where she is manipulating the puppet which is Macbeth so that she can receive the laughter and money, which is very similar to power and greed. The third and most important, is the power of greed that she has truly desired. She single-handedly to a great extent persuaded Macbeth to kill King Duncan. The perception that Lady Macbeth put forward is very strong as she said I would have done it. This showed that she put it about as an excuse sort of than to show a weakness showing how she did not want to look weak in front of Macbeth which would convey to the listening that in the relationship she wants to be equal or even higher than Macbeth. This competition between each other shows how it is a mere game rather than a relationship made by God as Lady Macbeth is not being serious about it.Shakespeare shows how powerful reverse psychology may cause havoc in a relationship. When Lady Macbeth said Wh en you durst do it, then you were a man she shows how cunningly and deceitfully she is trying to motivate him to do what he was previously going to do. When she says then you were a man, it shows before when he was going to kill King Duncan, he was a man, but now as he has refused he has become much less than a man, a lady who has no place in society. Macbeth who has reached the pinnacle of his courier after many countless, hardworking years and now has been called less than a man even though Kings Duncan addressed Macbeth as noble and also gave him the highest achievement that any man could have Thane of Glamis and Thane of Cawdor. This shows how demandingly she says a lot of Cruel words which hurts Macbeth but also at the same time using reverse psychology to show to Lady Macbeth that Macbeth can do relentless acts and so is a man. This showed that the relationship is mainly one sided to Lady Macbeth and has used strategic planning to command Macbeth into cleanup King Duncan. Thi s shows that she understands Macbeth as she knew that Macbeth would question the killing. This shows that in the relationship, Macbeth has true love for her as he had told her his most dire secrets. However, it shows that instead of helping Macbeth out of a frightful situation, she is using it to her advantage which also explicitly shows than she in manipulating Macbeth.Shakespeare shows how the depiction of extreme acts shows a downfall of a relationship. Dashs the brains out, had I so sworn as you have done to this. This shows how as a woman who has small place in society would uphold her promise even when it is as tragic as killing a baby in a gruesome way, but a man who is respected thoroughly in society would go against his promise. It shows how Lady Macbeth has broad power to crack open the skill and dash the brain out. As child mortality was high, the baby would be considered to be a present of God. The word dash suggest how without a doubt she would do it quickly for her s olemn oath and she does not care that she will have to face the wrath of God and also be massively looked down upon in society. This shows how loyal she is and will keep her promise unlike Macbeth. Lady Macbeth is seen as foreign as she admits the situations she had been. This unusual statement contracts the belief that a womens desire is to protect a child and this shows that she is different from the other woman who live their whole life to protect and care for their children. This shows how she has been hiding things from Macbeth and this shows how the relationship from the start of the play sets a countdown to get worse and even worse.The old saying which is behind every successful man stands a strong woman. Surprisingly, it is very true in his quest for supreme power, he is thoroughly led by his wife. Lady Macbeth strengths his determination and motivate him to commit this sinful murder. This manipulation of Macbeth is clearly shown throughout the play and shows easily how Mac beth fell into the trap of Lady Macbeth of greed and power. Shakespeare is being portrayed as misogynistic to perhaps warn the ball that this may happen in the future.This shows how the relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth is like the inside of an onion. It is definitely seen that Macbeth is not hiding anything about himself and has also given his most vital secrets to Lady Macbeth. However, Lady Macbeth is hiding numerous amount of things one being of dashing the brains out of a baby. Sadly, as you peel each layer, the sense of hearing weeps for Lady Macbeth for her greediness and devil like thoughts. With this analysis it is fully seen that Lady Macbeth is manipulating/controlling Macbeth as if he was a ragdoll puppet and also shows that the relationship relies firmly on her thoughts and Macbeth acts upon them mindlessly and cowardly.

Treatment Intervention to Improve Sleeping Habits

Treatment Intervention to Improve Sleeping HabitsIndividual Assignment giving Sleeping HabitsKoh Ke MianBad Sleeping HabitsAccording to Carskadon and Dement (2011), rest is both(prenominal) combinations of physiologic and behavioral processes. When staying, the aw arness to environment stimuli go away decrease (Carskadon Dement). On the new(prenominal) hand, National Institutes of Health (2011) had stated that snooze is just for your brain and tree trunk to shut down. People eternally trust sleep is merely their down measure referable to their brains allow shut off when sleeping. Therefore, stack will always stay up late because they will think sleeping is not important and it is wasting their clip. Moreover, the researchers found that how much you rested depends on the total sleep, quantify of the sleep stages, and how much sleep you get each night (National Institutes of Health). Besides, Kashmir Monitor (2012) had stated that wellness problems are caused by the sl eeping patterns. In this globalization and urbanization, drab sleeping habit has become common and more and more young people stay up late to make out sure their work is make on the day. In addition, people will also sacrifice their sleep to do other things, such as rushing assignment which due on the next day, watch movies, play games, or substantiation chatting. According to Sleep Health Foundation (2011), self-aggrandising sleeping habits is defined as poor sleep hygiene. Bad sleeping habits can be refer as erratically bed age routine, which is not enough sleep for each day and sleeping very late. Bad sleeping habits may bring a readiness of consequences to us which may influence our behavior.There are consequences that will be affected by spoiled sleeping habits. According to Harvard Health Publications (2007), there are connection between sleep and nervus disease. They had stated that bad sleeping habits may cause heart disease and heart disease will affect the qualit y of sleep (Harvard Health Publications). On the other hand, the researchers had also mentioned that bad sleep habits brings a lot of consequences, such as high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, heart attack, heart failure, stroke, diabetes, and obesity (Harvard Health Publications). According to Harvard Health Publications, there will be higher adventure of getting heart attack due to the bad sleeping habits. Furthermore, the researcher had also stated that bad sleeping habits causes higher risk of getting liking disorder such as major depression (Oster, 2012). Other than that, the researcher had found that students who amaze bad sleeping habits will negatively affect their faculty member performance (Park 2009). In addition, bad sleeping habits may also affect the performance and difficulty concentrating in class (Park). National Institutes of Health (2011) had stated that people who suffer from lack of sleep will slower down the thinking processes, harder to focus or pay atten tion on something, may cause astonishment easier, make the wrong decision and risk fetching, and slower down the reaction time. People who do something which need quick reaction may be unreliable if they suffer from lack of sleep.According to Cain (2012), the intervention of school will be effective in increasing the knowledge of sleep to adolescents. However, there are no significantly improvements of changing bad sleeping habits (Cain). On the other hand, students had stated that there were no motivations for them to alteration their habits in order to get more sleep (Cain). According to Cain, he had stated that people who have bad sleeping habits have the trend to avoid the morning bright light. Other than that, the researchers had mentioned that changing a behavior may require the willingness of an individual (Miller Rollnick, 2002, p.10, as cited in Cain). To change the bad sleeping habits, the individuals should have the willingness to change and believe on their own sus ceptibility which they can change the habits.Motivating me is the way that I can change this habit and knowing more about the effect that cause by the bad sleeping habits may force me to change it. I will change this habit due to the consequences that could bring me. According to Harvard Health Publications (2007), lack of sleep will cause high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, heart attack, heart failure, stroke, diabetes and obesity. Lack of sleep may also affect an individual difficult to focus, decrease reaction time, and faulty decision making (National Institutes of Health, 2011). In addition, the tools that I will use to help me change my bad sleeping habits are avoid to take caffeinated drink at least four hours before going to sleep, not to take nap in the evening because it may make it harder to sleep at night, not taking meals when going to bed but not feel hungry, try to go to bed at same times, and not spending too much of time with bed while not sleeping (Sleep Health Foundation, 2011). According to LeBourgeois, Giannotti, Cortesi, Wolfson, and Harsh (2005), as cited in Marhefka (2011), avoid taking nap in the late-afternoon or taking nap more than an hour during daytime, and not taking intoxicant, caffeine, and tobacco before going to bed may have good sleeping habits.MethodTo make sure that I change the behavior, the behavior that I measure is the bad sleeping habits. In the baseline phase, I have used a expeditious app which called sleepbot (Refer to Appendix F) to help me record my sleeping time and wake up time. This app help to record peoples sleep pattern and it can also track motion. It can help people know what are the problems that make them cannot sleep well and they can change their sleeping pattern through grounds this. Moreover, through recording my sleeping time and wake up time, I can know the amount of my sleeping time that I slept in a day and mostly what time I go to bed. Moreover, in interference phase, I had set alarm cl ock for myself which remind me to sleep and wake up on time. Besides, sleepbot is the app that could help me calculate my amount of sleep and how much I debt to my sleep. I had set up the hours that I have to sleep which is eight hours a day and I set the alarm clock by using this app as well.Through using this sleepbot application, it reminds me the time I have to sleep chance(a) which may help me change my bad sleeping habits. On the other hand, this app may also allow me to record my daily sleeping quality. I will choose this app to help me change my bad sleeping habits because this app has a lot of functions which I can use it and no need to download so umpteen apps that help me record my sleep quality. Furthermore, I will choose this app to help me change my behaviour because the first things that I will do when I untied my eyes is check my smartphone. This app has the alarm clock system, so I will turn off it when it ring and it records my wake up time together, and I think it is very convenience.ResultsIn the baseline phase, there are 54.4 hours of sleep time from 29th January 2015 to 5th February 2015 (Refer to Appendix A). The average daily sleep in these 7 days is 9.1 hours. There is only a day which I did not sleep for eight hours. However, the earliest sleep time for me is at 12.14am and the latest sleep time is at 1.39am (Refer to Appendix B). Other than that, my earliest wake up time in the baseline phase was at 7.15am, and the latest wake up time was at 11.06am. Even though the total average sleep for me was 9.1 hours, but I do not have a healthy life style (Refer to Appendix A). Therefore, I would like to change it and make me be healthier. The treatment phase started from 12th February 2015 to 19th March 2015. In this treatment phase, I had found that the earliest sleeping time for me was at 11.15pm, but the latest sleep time was at 2.57am (Refer to Appendix D). This has showed that the behaviour that I would like to change had failed. Fur thermore, my average sleep time in this treatment phase is 8.8 hours per day (Refer to Appendix C). It showed I slept more than eight hours a day, but my sleeping time and wake up time are not the same every day. On the other hand, the researcher had stated that if a person want to have good sleeping habits, they should go to bed at the same time (Sleep Health Foundation, 2011). According to Appendix E, the longest time I slept was about 12 hours, and the shortest time I slept was about four hours. My consumption of sleep dramatically changes every day. Furthermore, the results had showed that I did not change my sleep behaviour throughout the time and it had showed that I had slept latest in the treatment phase than baseline phase.DiscussionsThis treatment programme did not work for me. This is because Lunar New Year was in my treatment phase, and I went to travel on that time. I could not sleep on time because I was not in the hotel on that time. Furthermore, this treatment progra mme failed because the treament plosive was the assignment weeks and I had to sacrifice my sleeping time to finish my assignment on time. In addition, I think procrastination is the important effect that I have to sacrifice my sleeping time to do my assignment. On the other hand, I think the app was useful, however, it could not set off me to sleep preferably. Moreover, I think the helplessness of this app was that I have to open the app myself while I want to record my sleep time and it is not convenient for me when I was feeling sleepy. It caused me lost my sleepiness when I started to set my sleeping time. This is because I have to think where my app is which caused me to regain consciousness. I think this app had contributed to me 60 percent out of 100 percent. This is because it does not offer up any other functions such as tips which help for sleeping, or music which makes people relaxes. Furthermore, I always switch off my smartphone when I am sleeping. However, this ap p postulate to on my phone all the time and it drain my phone battery whole night.The difficulties that I had faced in this treatment phase were I did not have any motivation which helps me to sleep earlier. In addition, there were a lot of others factors which caused me to sleep late, such as rushing assignment, watch drama, or chit chatting. Procrastinating could affect my sleeping time. Furthermore, I think that because of nobody urge me to sleep earlier which makes me do not care on it. Besides, I had influenced by other people (e.g. family and housemates) that they all sleep very late and it makes me to sleep late also. According to Voke (2002), environment encourages exploration will encourage the childs immanent motivation. The motivation will come from the encouragement of environment. Other than that, according to Saul (2014), he stated that procrastinating could affect ability to sleep, and also affect general health and well-being.I think the app could add some music in which could help people to relax when they are stress out and could not sleep due to the stressful environment. In addition, I think the app may provide some functions which calculate the intake of caffeine, tobacco, and alcohol in a day. This is because the amount of taking caffeine, tobacco, and alcohol may also affect the quality of sleep. Other than that, I think this app should change their system which allows their user to switch off their phone while they are sleeping. It not only helps the users sleep better, it also helps the users to save the battery of their phone. Besides, I think I should ask someone to urge me to done my work earlier and also go to sleep before 12am. I think it could be effective if someone urging me. Moreover, stay with the people who sleep early could motivate me sleep earlier. In addition, I may also require my family to sleep earlier which help to motivate me.

Comparing Henry David Thoreau And Herman Melvilles Writings :: essays research papers

Comparing Henry David Thoreau and Herman Melvilles WritingsHenry David Thoreau and Herman Melville focused their writings on howman was affected by nature. They translated their philosophies though both theportrayal of their protagonist and their declare self exploration. In Moby Dick,Melville writes about Ahabs physical and metaphysical struggle everyplace the greatwhite whale, Moby Dick, typic of mans struggle against the overwhelmingforces of nature. Ahabs quest is reported and experienced through the eyes ofIshmael. Melvilles use of the third persons biographical standpoint exposes contrary viewpoints that were both in agreement and disagreement with Ahabsquest, creatively allowing Melville to transcend the story line and expostulatehis own philosophies. In contrast, Thoreau, wrote from an autobiographicalstandpoint revealing his own internal impinges with mans struggle againstnature. In, Walden - A life in the Woods, Thoreau reveals his mental andspiritual beliefs through a personal journey in which he strives to become intune with n ature, working not to be victorious over these universal forces, butrather to participate in harmony with nature, in tern exposing get it on and truth.Both authors attempt to analyze all aspects of nature and its relevanceto human life. They explore the powers and influences of nature over mankind.However, Melville centers his point of view upon mankind in conflict withnatures forces, while Thoreau believes that if mankind experiences nature, wewill envelope ideas which will teach mankind to live harmoniously in our naturalenvironment in turn, allowing individuals to reach the highest levels of attainment synergistically with nature.In Moby Dick, Herman Melville illustrates mans quest to attain thesupreme power of God through the monomaniacal Captain Ahab. Captain Ahab isobsessed with the desire to destroy Moby Dick, his nemesis, which is truly exemplary of mans overwhelming quest to control and conquer nature. Melvilled epicts Ahab as an evil, egotistical human whose willingness to combat theforces of nature represents mans failure to understand his place in theuniverse. Melville uses Ishmael to utter his philosophies which portray Ahab asa crazy captain who fails to realize that hes up an unconquerable force.Melville utilizes Ishmael further voice his life philosophies through grosslysymbolic statements like, "No, when I go to sea, I go as a simple sailor I havethe satisfaction that all is right that everybody else is one counseling or otherserved in much the same way - either in a physical or metaphysical point ofview." (pg. 14 - 15). Through, Ishmael, Melville expresses his longing, for steady and nature, and a t the same time he contrasts his desires against